Data Analysis Chapter Example

Data Analysis Chapter Example This chapter will focus on the results of the data analysis. The first section will discuss the descriptive statistics and in the second section the results of the Heckman two-step approach will be discussed. Descriptive statistics The descriptive statistics of the survey data will be discussed by comparing and characterizing the households that affected and do not affected by the climate change. The sample size used for the analysis is therefore 420 respondents. An uneven distribution of land ownership exists in coastal region of Bangladesh, with a significant proportion of land being owned by large landowners (Alauddin and Hamid 1997). Agricultural survey (1996 ) shows that 54% of families in coastal areas hold only 17% of the total agricultural land (PDO-ICZMP-2003). The majority of the rural population is either landless farmers (who sell their labor or cultivate others land)or marginal farmers (who have less than .2 ha of property) (Opstal 2006). Over the past decade the farmers are declined. Now a day in the coastal Bangladesh fishing is one of the most important economic activities. They are mostly landless or have a small plot of land to use for living purpose. In the study area total land size is changed due to climate change. It appears from the given table which shows the comparative analysis of land pattern before and after Aila. In 2008 the average amount is 157.02 hectare/year and in 2009 it is 99.89 hectare/year. Land is used for different purposes. In 2008, 159 respondents used their land for cultivation i.e they are the agricultural land owner and due to climate change only 75 respondents are the owner of the agricultural land. This amount is decreasing. In last 5 years 62 households lost their land in the study area. The total amount of damaged land is 36911.58 hectares. Most of the people depend on agriculture so this is a great loss for their survive. For this their income is decreased, expenditure is decreased and they have no enough money to buy the agricultural land. From this it is concluded that they live below poverty line. According to a recent (Oct09) study done by the South Asia Association of Poverty Eradication, each affected household has seen their income decrease by approximately 44% as a result of Cyclone Aila. The main independent variable is expenditures by household for a basket of basic needs, which is considered as a measurement of poverty. This expenditure measurement actually represents a poverty threshold value, which is derived from HIES (Household Income-Expenditure Survey 2009) by BBS and is equivalent to US$ 208/capita/year (BBS, 2008). It is referred as Basic Need Cost in the model. In 2009 we get only 84 respondents out of 420 do not live below poverty line. It is estimated by using our expenditure data from primary survey analysis. So due to climate change most of the households live below poverty line. Econometric Analysis Now we would like to continue with figuring out the nature and extent of relationship between agricultural land ownership pattern and poverty of Koyra. Hence, in this chapter we conduct econometric analysis. Variables used in econometric models With a view to identifying the relationship pattern between agricultural land ownership pattern and poverty we ran a number of econometric models. But before we proceed to the operation with econometric models, let us have a look at the variables used in the model. Dependent variable The dependent variable is total land owned by, which is considered to be affected by climate change. This variable indicates how much land was owned by the household in 2009. The values were taken in hectares for the entire household. Independent variables Below we have mentioned the independent variables, with short explanation, that we used in models. Variable household size refers to the total number of members in a household. Education refers to households average aggregate academic schooling year. It is the number obtained by summing up of formal schooling years of all members in a household and then dividing it with the number of total household members. This variable is considered as a proxy for capacity of households. The variable Duration with community refers to the number of years the respondent household living with the current community. Along with the above-mentioned dependent and independent variables, we used the following two independent variables for constructing correlation and regression. Econometric Methodology: We used a Heckman Two Step Model for dependent variable land ownership in order to find out if there is any sample selection bias in the model. This model consists of two processes that are addressed by two different equations: a selection equation and a conditional equation. The first probit equation is a selection process for the households having land-ownership or not. In the second equation the effects of independent variables on land ownership are examined. These processes are related to each other through their error terms which contain the unobservable. If there is no correlation between the error terms of the two equations, there is no need to perform a Heckman two step approach as there is no sample selection bias and an OLS regression provides the unbiased result (Dow and Norton, 2003). The Heckman two-step approach is based on the assumption that the selection equation and the conditional equation are related to each other through their error terms. When there is no relation between the error terms there is no need to perform a Heckman two step approach as there is no sample selection bias and an OLS regression will give unbiased estimators. For such a model, the bottom line in STATA output gives a value for Ï  (rho) with associated p-value. This Ï  is a likelihood ratio indicating the correlation between the error terms of the equations in Heckman model. The correlation between the error terms is indicated in table (Annex) by the selectivity parameter, Ï . The Heckmans lambda is included in the regression to control for the influence of unobserved characteristics of the variables. The regression coefficient of the control factor is an indicator for the covariance of the error terms. In the model the control factor is non-significant. The missing data problem can arise in a variety of forms. We can see that there are missing data in the sample. The number of missing data in is 3, but the problem is more severe for, where the number of missing data is 80. Since the data is missing mainly on the dependent variable, a nonrandom sample selection exists in this case. There is a possibility that due to some common pattern, the respondents did not provide any data. If that has happened, bias could always occur in OLS in estimating the population model. As a result, we use here the Heckman model. Our model is Empirical results This chapter will focus on the results of the data analysis. The first section will discuss the descriptive statistics and in the second section the results of the Heckman two-step approach will be discussed. Descriptive statistics The descriptive statistics of the survey data will be discussed by comparing and characterizing the households that affected and do not affected by the climate change. The sample size used for the analysis is therefore 420 respondents. An uneven distribution of land ownership exists in coastal region of Bangladesh, with a significant proportion of land being owned by large landowners (Alauddin and Hamid 1997). Agricultural survey (1996 ) shows that 54% of families in coastal areas hold only 17% of the total agricultural land (PDO-ICZMP-2003). The majority of the rural population is either landless farmers (who sell their labor or cultivate others land)or marginal farmers (who have less than .2 ha of property) (Opstal 2006). Over the past decade the farmers are declined. Now a day in the coastal Bangladesh fishing is one of the most important economic activities. They are mostly landless or have a small plot of land to use for living purpose. In the study area total land size is changed due to climate change. It appears from the given table which shows the comparative analysis of land pattern before and after Aila. In 2008 the average amount is 157.02 hectare/year and in 2009 it is 99.89 hectare/year. Land is used for different purposes. In 2008, 159 respondents used their land for cultivation i.e they are the agricultural land owner and due to climate change only 75 respondents are the owner of the agricultural land. This amount is decreasing. In last 5 years 62 households lost their land in the study area. The total amount of damaged land is 36911.58 hectares. Most of the people depend on agriculture so this is a great loss for their survive. For this their income is decreased, expenditure is decreased and they have no enough money to buy the agricultural land. From this it is concluded that they live below poverty line. According to a recent (Oct09) study done by the South Asia Association of Poverty Eradication, each affected household has seen their income decrease by approximately 44% as a result of Cyclone Aila. The main independent variable is expenditures by household for a basket of basic needs, which is considered as a measurement of poverty. This expenditure measurement actually represents a poverty threshold value, which is derived from HIES (Household Income-Expenditure Survey 2009) by BBS and is equivalent to US$ 208/capita/year (BBS, 2008). It is referred as Basic Need Cost in the model. In 2009 we get only 84 respondents out of 420 do not live below poverty line. It is estimated by using our expenditure data from primary survey analysis. So due to climate change most of the households live below poverty line. Econometric Analysis Now we would like to continue with figuring out the nature and extent of relationship between agricultural land ownership pattern and poverty of Koyra. Hence, in this chapter we conduct econometric analysis. Variables used in econometric models With a view to identifying the relationship pattern between agricultural land ownership pattern and poverty we ran a number of econometric models. But before we proceed to the operation with econometric models, let us have a look at the variables used in the model. Dependent variable The dependent variable is total land owned by, which is considered to be affected by climate change. This variable indicates how much land was owned by the household in 2009. The values were taken in hectares for the entire household. Independent variables Below we have mentioned the independent variables, with short explanation, that we used in models. Variable household size refers to the total number of members in a household. Education refers to households average aggregate academic schooling year. It is the number obtained by summing up of formal schooling years of all members in a household and then dividing it with the number of total household members. This variable is considered as a proxy for capacity of households. The variable Duration with community refers to the number of years the respondent household living with the current community. Along with the above-mentioned dependent and independent variables, we used the following two independent variables for constructing correlation and regression. Econometric Methodology: We used a Heckman Two Step Model for dependent variable land ownership in order to find out if there is any sample selection bias in the model. This model consists of two processes that are addressed by two different equations: a selection equation and a conditional equation. The first probit equation is a selection process for the households having land-ownership or not. In the second equation the effects of independent variables on land ownership are examined. These processes are related to each other through their error terms which contain the unobservable. If there is no correlation between the error terms of the two equations, there is no need to perform a Heckman two step approach as there is no sample selection bias and an OLS regression provides the unbiased result (Dow and Norton, 2003). The Heckman two-step approach is based on the assumption that the selection equation and the conditional equation are related to each other through their error terms. When there is no relation between the error terms there is no need to perform a Heckman two step approach as there is no sample selection bias and an OLS regression will give unbiased estimators. For such a model, the bottom line in STATA output gives a value for Ï  (rho) with associated p-value. This Ï  is a likelihood ratio indicating the correlation between the error terms of the equations in Heckman model. The correlation between the error terms is indicated in table (Annex) by the selectivity parameter, Ï . The Heckmans lambda is included in the regression to control for the influence of unobserved characteristics of the variables. The regression coefficient of the control factor is an indicator for the covariance of the error terms. In the model the control factor is non-significant. The missing data problem can arise in a variety of forms. We can see that there are missing data in the sample. The number of missing data in is 3, but the problem is more severe for , where the number of missing data is 80. Since the data is missing mainly on the dependent variable, a nonrandom sample selection exists in this case. There is a possibility that due to some common pattern, the respondents did not provide any data. If that has happened, bias could always occur in OLS in estimating the population model. As a result, we use here the Heckman model. Our model is We assumed that is observed if Where and have correlation Results: The results of our Heckman model are provided in Table (Annex). Using as a dependent variable in Heckman regression, we find and the constant term are significant while is insignificant. We also find positive relationship for and with . Considering the absolute values of the coefficients (table), the result shows that is the most influential between the two variables. A typical use of a logarithmic transformation variable is to pull outlying data from a positively skewed distribution closer to the bulk of the data in a quest to have the variable be normally distributed. In regression analysis the logs of variables are routinely taken, not necessarily for achieving a normal distribution of the predictors and/or the dependent variable but for interpretability. The standard interpretation of coefficients in a regression analysis is that a one unit change in the independent variable results in the respective regression coefficient change in the expected value of the dependent variable while all the predictors are held constant. Interpreting a log transformed variable can be done in such a manner; however, such coefficients are routinely interpreted in terms of percent change (Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach by Woolridge for discussion and derivation). Well explore the relationship between the landownership pattern and the per capita consumption expenditure. In this model we are going to have the dependent variable in its original metric and the independent variable log-transformed. Similar to the prior example the interpretation has a nice format, a one percent increase in the independent variable increases (or decreases) the dependent variable by (coefficient/100) units. In this particular model we take log with PCE and the coefficients on and represent the estimated marginal effects of the regressors in the underlying regression equation. So, an increase in the household size by one member increases land ownership by 6.30 hectares and an increase in the household consumption expenditure by one percent increases land ownership by 0.613 hectares. On the other hand, household size is the least influential variable. It is positively related with landownership pattern. So these two variables have greater influence on poverty. We used the Heckman two step models while taking land ownership as a dependent variable in the conditional equation of this model, along with other independent variables, result in model shows that PCE is positively related with landownership. The p value of lambda is 0.193 i.e. 19%. So this is not significant for the model i. e. there is no correlation between the error terms of the two equations in Heckman model. The lambda term is positively signed which suggests that the error terms in the selection and primary equations are positively correlated. So (unobserved) factors that make more observable tend to be associated with higher values of our independent variables in the selection equation. However, since the lambda term is not significant, we cannot come to any such conclusion and hence we conducted OLS. But if we use the OLS we get the following Table 1: OLS Result lnd_owners~p | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -+- lnpce | 58.21023 18.98437 3.07 0.002 20.86622 95.55423 hh_size | 4.660069 6.495749 0.72 0.474 -8.117666 17.4378 _cons | -204.742 97.52465 -2.10 0.037 -396.5819 -12.90203 We present the usual OLS regression in Table 1. As we can see from Table 1, and is both positive, while the former is not significant and the latter is significant. Similarly, the constant term is negative but significant. Table 2 From the above OLS table we consider the independent variables are per capita expenditure, education level, during with the community, household size and asset 2008 and the dependent variable is land ownership pattern of the respondents. In this analysis the model is significant in case of asset 2008 for dependent variable land ownership because in this case the value of P is 0%. We know if the value of P is less than 5% then the model is significant. From the regression we get per capita expenditure, education level, during with the community and asset 2008 is positive. But without asset 2008 all other variables are not significant. Similarly the constant term is also positive but not significant. Results from various OLS regression models are shown in Table 1 and.2. The former shows results when model is run with and while the latter shows results when land ownership is incorporated with other independent variables. Values of coefficient are different for the independent variables in the result tables. Using land ownership (i.e. our measure of poverty) as a dependent variable in OLS regression, we found without one, all the explanatory variables are not significant (Table 2). We also found significant positive relationship per capita expenditure, education level, during with the community and asset 2008 with land ownership whereas it is significantly negative for household size. Annex . heckman lnd_ownership lnpce hh_size, twostep select(lnpce edulevel duringwithcomty hh_size asst2008) rhosigma Heckman selection model two-step estimates Number of obs = 417 (regression model with sample selection) Censored obs = 80 Uncensored obs = 337 Wald chi2(4) = 9.83 Prob > chi2 = 0.0434 | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval] -+- lnd_owners~p | lnpce | 61.28878 20.67387 2.96 0.003 20.76873 101.8088 hh_size | 6.303549 7.203314 0.88 0.382 -7.814687 20.42179 _cons | -286.9731 123.3481 -2.33 0.020 -528.731 -45.21517 -+- select | lnpce | .0682579 .1348031 0.51 0.613 -.1959514 .3324671 edulevel | .0096151 .025462 0.38 0.706 -.0402896 .0595197 duringwith~y | .0161874 .005286 3.06 0.002 .005827 .0265477 hh_size | .007615 .046654 0.16 0.870 -.0838252 .0990552 asst2008 | -1.13e-06 7.34e-07 -1.53 0.125 -2.57e-06 3.12e-07 _cons | -.0686488 .6543009 -0.10 0.916 -1.351055 1.213757 -+- mills | lambda | 181.4302 139.4798 1.30 0.193 -91.94525 454.8057 -+- rho | 0.74328 sigma | 244.09453 lambda | 181.43021 139.4798

A Man for All Seasons by Robert Bolt Essay

When looking at the play, A Man for All Seasons, Richard Rich lied, cheated, deceived, hurt close friends and committed perjury to obtain his goal. He went from Attorney General of Wales to the Solicitor General, to the Secretary for Norfolk and finally to the Chancellor of England. Sir Thomas More, was very selfish towards achieving his own personal goals. He believed that if he went about everything the way God would have done it that he would reach heaven. In this process he managed to hurt his wife Alice, his daughter Margaret, and put his friends in awful positions. When every aspect is considered Sir Thomas More, evidently wanted eternal salvation and only really truly cared about him self. King Henry VIII was a man of power and intimidation. He did not let anything stand in his way. Cardinal Wolsey, was executed because he put up resistance toward the King, along with Bishop Fisher and Sir Thomas More. Any individual that caused a ripple in his path was executed. â€Å"Henry VIII, started with everything and squandered it all†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bolt, vii). Henry VIII wants an heir for his thrown and no matter how many women he has to marry then divorce to get it that is his primary intention. Richard Rich, Sir Thomas More and King Henry VIII all use reprehensible means, which harm others in order to achieve their own personal goals and in the end are never justified. Sir Thomas More does not justify the pain and suffering he causes by trying to live a glorious life that will put him in heaven. More has a one-track mind. With this, his beliefs and values are very strong towards the way of God and the right and the wrong; but his actions are very self centered and selfish. When More, was asked his opinion on the matter of King Henry’s divorce he replied, â€Å"†¦As I think of it I see so clearly that I can not come with Your Grace that my endeavor is not to think of it at all†¦.There is my right arm. Take your dagger and saw it from my shoulder, and I will laugh and be thankful, if by that means I can come with Your Grace with a clear conscience† (Bolt, pg31). His pride and values get in the way of his loved ones future and outcome. More is acting the way his heart tells him but not the most beneficial way in his circumstance. King Henry is one who hates opposition or doubts and Sir Thomas More is giving him doubt and grief on not siding with him on this issue. With having the King on your bad side the chances of you living a good life or living at all is very slim. Also, More shows selfish acts when Margaret approaches him, while he is in his jail cell. â€Å"When a man takes an oath, Margaret he’s holding his own self in his own hands†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg.83) This shows his selfishness towards himself and his goal of going to heaven. He does not care about his life hear on earth or what he leaves behind he just wants what is best for himself. Hence, Sir Thomas More attitude toward his family’s life was very poor. By talking about the King and by not siding with him he threw his life and his families life out the window. For food he made Alice eat mutton and did not provide for his family. Also, by him thinking of resigning his position is another example of himself being selfish and not providing for his family. His selfish acts towards himself hurt his friends and his family and do not justify his means for eternal salvation. Firstly, Richard Rich does not justify his means by his ends at all. This man is a lying deceiving little man that will do whatever it takes to gain rank and power. His betrayal towards Sir Thomas More was very futile in Sir Thomas’s conviction. â€Å"I’ve lost my innocence.†(pg.44) Rich has just sold out information to Cromwell in order to move ahead in rank. From here on Rich is starting down a path that will lead to hurting a lot of people’s lives. Secondly, Rich betrayed More for obvious reasons. He wanted to get ahead in life but also, there was the taste of money that came along with it. â€Å"Every man has his price.†(pg.2) This is just showing again why Richard Rich keeps on hurting individuals. In life one will betray another for some benefit and this in it self is an example of Macchiavelli. Hence, when Rich took the stand in the court to persecute More he showed again his greed and will to not stop at any cost to get what he wanted. â€Å"He said, ‘Parliament has not the competence.’ Or words to that effect.† Rich was saying what he knew the King wanted to hear. He was committing perjury against More so that he could eventually move into the spot of Chancellor of England. With this being said it shows that his greed and lust could not justify Rich’s means for money and self-advancement. Lastly, King Henry VIII only lived and strived for power and for dominance over everybody in England. If anybody ever crossed his path they were executed and nothing was said about it. Henry liked to show everybody that he ruled and no one else. â€Å"No opposition I say! No opposition!†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg.33) King Henry is again showing More that his opinion on his divorce is not going to be taken lightly in any sense. Even though More is the Chancellor of England Henry is still pressing him to side with him on the matter and not the Pope. Also, Henry showed dominance over Margaret. The King always has to be the smartest and most powerful one among all. In this certain occasion when Margaret could speak better Spanish then Henry he was very defensive. Right away he asked her if she could dance her response was no. â€Å"Well I can dance superlatively!† (pg.28) Henry is trying to put her down for showing her dominance over him. Also, Henry always wanted to be in power of the Church of England. This was the only thing that he was not in full complete control of and he needed to be to divorce Catherine for Anne Boleyn. The only way he could do this is to kill Cardinal Wolsey and clear the path for his dominance. Catherine provided him with a daughter and without an heir to the thrown this marriage and his legacy would not work. â€Å"Queen on the throne of England was unthinkable.† (pg. Viii) The King had to have power over the Church of England because he would not receive a divorce if he did not receive a boy through Anne. Henry used intimidation to justify his goals and his means were not reasonable nor were his actions justified. With Sir Thomas More, Richard Rich and King Henry VIII all having their means not justify their actions it showed that they were all doing this for some self-advancement in life. So again clearly through points and quotes all three used reprehensible means which harm others, in order to achieve their own personal goals and in the end are never justified. Work Citied Bolt, Robert. A Man for All Seasons, Toronto: Irwin Publishing, 1963

What Is So Fascinating About Samples of Essay on Korean War?

What Is So Fascinating About Samples of Essay on Korean War? To start, Korea was not to be a big portion of the Soviet Communist expansion program. It was a different sort of war in numerous ways. It has become a battlefield between Russia and the United States. To the contrary, South Korea preserved the democratic model that caused the maturation of the nation and its economic growth. You will get your paper in time, as our writers always adhere to the deadlines. Even the toughest papers are easily written by our writers. A great writer should, therefore, possess the simple understanding of how to compose a movie review. Our very best writers that are well competent and extremely rated are readily available to deal with your request. A movie review writing guide provides the writer instructions about how to compose a movie review. The introduction for a movie review must be appealing, so the reader can find the feel of wanting to read more. A movie review structure can additionally have a recommendation. The most important aim of movie review writing is to provide the reader a rough idea about what the movie is all about. The Chronicles of Samples of Essay on Korean War This sample essay gives a case of the features and advantages that come from working with Ultius. If you're terrified of writing an inadequate excellent paper, you can depart from your assignment to us. Give a concise illustration of what's going to be discussed in the review and proceed to the thesis. The section will also provide a synopsis of what is going to be contained within the body. Whichever topic you go for or which war you've selected for description, our writing service may give you a helping hand. Just ensure that it is so mething which you require, not just something which you desire in the brief term. Everybody would like to earn money and succeed in operation. If you use our service, we'll do everything possible to fulfill your requirements. The atmosphere gets tense, and at the exact same time captivating. Not a huge amount of people have visited it, and it's a huge mistake. Though the two are extremely different in regards to the battlefield conditions, the political outcome was almost identical. Don't write about this dilemma generally. The Basic Facts of Samples of Essay on Korean War Make sure that the thesis is original and at the exact time dependent on the analysis. Hopefully a single day your essay will motivate you to find success. With luck, this essay will allow you to boost your own essay writing technique. Rest assured that by the conclusion of the following article, you are going to be well equipped to manage any college essay! In addition, he cites the use of the contribution of the United Nations and the USA during the war. The value of the UN was realized (308-348). There are a number of ways to describe North Korea. In general, the Truman Doctrine was essential in the start of the Korean war because it gave the US the responsibility to assist through military support. He's studied the Cold War for over three decades. The Cold War lasted about 45 decades and it changed the worldwide political and financial landscape. Analyze the methods by which the Vietnam War heightened social, political, and financial tensions in america. Furthermore, the goal of the both sides participating in the conflict was never achieved. It's regarded more as a method of life as opposed to a religion. The love of a person's country can be applauded. In truth, it is a wonderful trait which should be cultivated by everyone. The political opposition, religious freedoms and totally free media are not permitted in the n ation. It impacts the economy of each nation involved and it can lead to long-term affects on the soldiers involved with the true fighting. This has resulted in cultural erosion in me as I'm brought up in an entirely new atmosphere. Additionally, there are a large number of human rights organizations and welfare groups that render the crucial support. However, this isn't so much because of bias regarding the simple fact that even basic objective details about the nation would appear to inevitably point toward such a conclusion. Thus, the rest of the policies were suppressed. The education process is so complex there are all those educational research topics for college students.

The Effects Of Reality Television On A Person s Life Essay

Getting an inside look on a person’s life can be fascinating. In the early 1950’s the world of television took advantage of an audience’s interest in the lives of ordinary people with the introduction of the radio show Nightwatch (Barovick). The show followed a group of Culver City police officers on patrol and cracked the door open for reality television. An American Family in 1973, opened the door even more with the introduction of a camera following a family throughout their everyday lives and discovering their deepest secrets, relationship problems, and overall private information in the process (Barovick). The ability to bring a camera into a place so close to home inspired networks to take advantage of the cheap production costs and high ratings that soon shaped the world of reality television. Reality television falls into five categories: game shows, contest shows, talent shows, watch and learn shows, and voyeuristic shows. Within these five varieties, th ere are numerous sub-genres such as dating shows and documentary or lifestyle series’. Through these sub-genres, the roles of women have expanded and developed into something unimaginable. The early 2000’s brought with it a new age of reality television; one that included women as the main focus. This new theme brought with it an assortment of outlooks on women and how they should be viewed on television. With shows like The Bachelor, Keeping Up with the Kardashians, and The Real Housewives women are seen asShow MoreRelatedThe Reality of Reality Television1699 Words   |  7 PagesThe Reality of Reality Television Jacqueline Knudsen ENG122: English Composition II Jenna Fussell February 2, 2013 The Reality of Reality Television Have you ever set there watching your favorite reality television show and wondered what effects it could have on you, your family or your friends? 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